Revista de Relaciones Internacionales de la UNAM

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Revista de Relaciones Internacionales de la UNAM — 2025-10-03

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Revista de Relaciones Internacionales de la UNAM — 2025-10-03

Presentación

Ana Luisa Trujillo Juárez — 2025-10-03

Marxist contributions to International Relations: trends and debates

Víctor Manuel Olea Contreras — 2025-10-03

In recent years, the Marxist perspective has sparked a series of crucial debates regarding the future of International Relations as a discipline. The contributions have been so significant that, in some cases, an ontological shift is being promoted to position this discipline on par with Sociology, Economics or Political Science, without being theoretically subordinated to any of them, as has often been the case. Similarly, it has managed to establish a research program that, together with Historical Sociology, has problematized the origin of the modern international order and the historical narrative upon which this event has been consolidated. Despite the importance of this in the Spanish-speaking context, these debates have remained tied to the English-speaking academy, preventing their diffusion among students and scholars of the discipline in our context. Based on this, the present work aims to bring these debates closer to the reader through a brief but concise exposition of two of the most notable Marxist theoretical perspectives, namely: uneven and combined development and political Marxism. The objective is to make these ideas and debates more accessible to the Latin American audience, specifically within the Mexican context.

The United States’ strategies of domination in the 21st century. From Yugoslavia to Venezuela and the Greater Caribbean

Abner Munguía Gaspar — 2025-10-03

Throughout the 21st century, United States defense policy has undergone significant transformations, largely influenced by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. A key background for understanding contemporary military strategies lies in the military operations in the Balkans during the 1990s, which established principles of modern warfare, such as the combination of economic and military attacks. It is important to consider this precedent to connect it with the intentions of political and economic destabilization generated in Venezuela and the Greater Caribbean. This area is crucial to United States geopolitics, as its control allows Washington to dominate the Panama Canal and keep foreign powers such as Russia and China at bay. The region is rich in strategic resources, including oil, lithium, and fresh water, essential to the United States economy and the military-industrial apparatus. We propose to analyze the destabilization processes of modern warfare within a four-step framework, encompassing economic and political destabilization, support for insurgent or terrorist groups fighting against the central governments of the target nation, and finally, the launching of military operations with humanitarian justifications.

The ReArm Europe Plan/Readiness 2030: challenges to its implementation and perspectives on international co-operation

Javier Felipe Basulto Poot — 2025-10-03

This paper examines the initial stages of the Rearm Europe Plan/Readiness 2030 presented by the European Commission in March 2025, which aims at mobilising 800 billion to boost the defence of the European Union (eu), including joint procurement of defence products, harmonisation of the eu defence market and closing capability gaps. In order to succeed, this initiative must overcome considerable hurdles such as inadequate funding, the fragmented nature of the European defence industry, incompatibilities in military equipment, limited nuclear deterrence, political opposition, and most importantly, the relationship an autonomous European defence structure could maintain with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the United States of America, which have served as guarantors of Europe’s security for the last 70 years. A consolidated eu defence framework could also usher in a new era of military cooperation with other regions and third countries, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean. The text concludes that, in its current implementation phase, it is unclear whether this project could effectively lead to the establishment of a European Defence Union and, moreover, that this initiative seems to counter the international efforts to promote global disarmament and arms control.

Iran’s propaganda, narrative and political ambition in Latin America: the case of Mexico

Sergio Castaño Riaño — 2025-10-03

Since 2005, Iran has intensified its diplomatic and economic activities in Latin America through a strategy centered on soft power. This study examines Iran’s objective to reduce United States’ influence in the region while consolidating support for the formation of an alternative bloc on the international stage. Specifically, it analyzes Iran’s complex initiative to strengthen ties with progressive political sectors in Latin America, highlighting Mexico’s strategic role due to its economic weight and geographic position. The article explores the various strategies employed by Iran in its soft power campaign in Latin America, with a special focus on its repercussions in Mexico, based on an analysis of the motivations driving these relationships and the concrete implementation of such actions in the country.

Transition and change in the international system. Strategic realignments among the United States, the European Union, Russia and China

Juan Roberto Reyes Solís — 2025-10-03

The international relations system is in a continuous process of transition and change. In the multipolar landscape of our time, the complex rivalry between the United States, China, Russia and the European Union is characterized by dynamics of competition and conflict. In this context, technological innovations, geopolitical issues and economic strategies drive constant changes and readjustment in the international system. Furthermore, the arrival of Donald Trump to a second term as president of the United States has accentuated a nationalist and unilateralist orientation in the international role of this great power. Through a trade war and disruptive discourse, this stance is generating alterations and ruptures in the structures of the international liberal order built after the end of World War ii. Based on these trends, how will the international relations system be shaped in the coming years? What will be the strategic readjustments of the European Union, Russia, and China? This paper proposes some perspectives to address these questions, considering David Easton’s systems theory and an analysis of the ongoing changes in the international arena.

Geopolitics and Identity in British Foreign Policy Discourse: The Island Race, de Nick Whittaker

Federico Vaccarezza — 2025-10-03

En llamas. Un (enardecido) argumento a favor del Green New Deal, de Naomi Klein

Iranni Alpuín Bonfil — 2025-10-03

Cronología de la política exterior de México Mayo-junio 2025

Selene Romero Gutiérrez — 2025-10-03

Número completo

Revista de Relaciones Internacionales de la UNAM — 2025-10-03