P300 y deterioro cognitivo en la depresión mayor: una revisión narrativa sobre su valor diagnóstico y pronóstico
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Objetivo: examinar el potencial como biomarcador diagnóstico y pronóstico de los parámetros P300 (amplitud y latencia) en síntomas cognitivos en el trastorno depresivo mayor. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en Web of Science y PubMed, se consultó bibliografía de 2019 al 2025. Se utilizaron los términos de búsqueda: p300, parámetros, deterioro cognitivo, trastorno depresivo mayor. En un primer análisis se identificaron 89 artículos. Los criterios de selección fueron: artículos originales, con referencias disponibles, de publicaciones arbitradas, artículos actualizados en diagnóstico y tratamiento, que tuvieran un aporte relevante a esta investigación. Tras someter estos textos a los criterios de selección, se obtuvieron veintiocho artículos. Resultados: los pacientes con trastorno depresivo mayor presentan una latencia prolongada en comparación con los controles sanos, estas alteraciones podrían reflejar diferentes aspectos de la disfunción cognitiva (atención, velocidad de procesamiento y memoria de trabajo). Conclusión: como herramienta objetiva y no invasiva, el P300 es útil para evaluar la función cognitiva, sin embargo, se requiere mayor investigación para su uso como biomarcador diagnóstico y pronóstico.
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