The need and convenience of harmonizing cross-border takeover regulation in the Pacific Alliance; Lessons from the U.S., U.K. and E.U. experience
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
This article will answer the question of whether or not it is necessary and/or convenient to harmonize cross-border takeover regulation in the context of a Latin American economic block such as the Pacific Alliance. To this effect an overview of what the Pacific Alliance is, and the way how multiple economic sectors and areas have been integrated during the recent years will be made, specifically focusing on the creation and legal framework of the Latin American Integrated Market. Also, a general overview of the current takeover regulations of the four member countries will be analyzed in order to see where supranational regulation and harmonization is further needed in order to enhance and deepen the integrated market and the economic block as such. An analysis of the main lessons rendered throughout recent history from takeover regulation systems such as the U.S., U.K. and E.U. will allow us to make closing remarks[1].
[1]This research was made by the author after having taken the “Takeover Regulation” course taught by Dr. David Kershaw at the London School of Economics Executive LLM Program.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Citas en Dimensions Service
Citas
AQUILA, Frank, et. al. “Cross-Border Mergers & Acquisitions: A Study in Convergence and Cross-Fertilization”. Bloomberg Law Reports 4, n°16, 2010, p. 2.
BAINBRIDGE, Stephen, Mergers and Acquisitions, Foundation Press, 3rd ed., 2012.
BEBCHUK, Lucian A. and COHEN, Alma “The Costs of Entrenched Boards”, Journal of Financial Economics, n. 78, 2005, pp. 409-433.
BREALEY, Richard A. and MYERS, Stewart C., et al., Principles of Corporate Finance, New York, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2008.
BRIANO TURRENT, Guadalupe del C. and SAAVEDRA GARCÍA, María L., “La composición del consejo de administración y la estructura accionaria como factores explicativos de la transparencia en el gobierno corporativo en Latinoamérica: evidencia de empresas cotizadas de Argentina, Brasil, Chile y México”. Estudios Gerenciales 31, n° 136, 2015, pp. 275-286.
CARA, Frank and LANE, Peter F., “The Business Judgement Rule and Unocal: Twin Barriers to Shareholder Welfare”. Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development 5, n°1, Article 9 (1989).
DAVIDOFF, Steven M., “The SEC and the Failure of Federal, Takeover Regulation”. Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository 34, Fla. St. U.L. Rev., (2014): 211.
DAVIDOFF, Steven M., Gods at War: Shotgun Takeovers, Government by Deal, and The Private Equity Implosion. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
DAVIES, Norman, Europe: A History. Oxford University Press, 1996.
DÍAZ-CEDIEL, Santiago, “La Alianza del Pacífico: Un escrutinio jurídico al tenor del derecho de las Organizaciones Internacionales”. Anuario Colombiano De Derecho Internacional (ACDI) 9, Universidad del Rosario, 2016. Directive 2004/25/EC (adopted by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union).
GAUGHAN, Patrick A., Mergers, Acquisitions and Corporate Restructurings, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
“Gobierno Corporativo de las Empresas Colombianas”. Harvard Business Review, Special Edition, October of 2006, p. 45.
GREENE, Edward F., Andrew CURRAN and David A. CHRISTMAN. “Toward a Cohesive International Approach to Cross-Border Takeover Regulations”. U. Miami Law Rev 51 (1997): 823- 857.
HANSEN, Lene, Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and The Bosnian War. London: Taylor and Francis, 2006.
HOPT, Kalus J., et. al. The Anatomy Of Corporate Law; A Comparative And Functional Approach. Oxford University Press, 2004.
KACPERCZYK, Aleksandra, “With greater power comes greater responsibility? Takeover protection and corporate attention to stakeholders”. Strategic Management Journal 30, n°3, 2008.
KERSHAW, David, Company Law In Context; Text And Materials. Oxford University Press, second edition 2012.
Kershaw, David, Principles of Takeover Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2016.
LALL, Sanjaya, “Implications of Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions by TNCs in Developing Countries: A Beginner´s Guide”. QEH Working Paper Series 88, June 2002, pp. 1-11.
LEONE, Mariana S., “La Integración Regional en el Mosaico Identitario Latinoamericano”. In América Latina: Un Nuevo Contrato Social, edited by Pedro A. Martínez Lilio ed. et al. Marcial Pons, 181-217, 2016.
LIZARZABURU BOLAÑOS, Edmundo, et al., “Emerging Markets Integration in Latin America (MILA) Stock market indicators: Chile, Colombia and Peru”, Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science 20 (2015): 74-83.
MAGNUSON, William, “Takeover Regulation in the United States and Europe: An Institutional Approach”. Pace International Law Review 21, n° 1, 2009, p. 206.
MANNE, Henry G., “Mergers and the Market for Corporate Control”, The Journal Of Political Economy, n. 73, 1965, p. 110.
MARTYNOVA, Marina, et al., “Spillover of Corporate Governance Standards in Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions”. Journal of Corporate Finance 14, n° 3, June 2008, pp. 200-223.
MCCHESNEY, Fred S. “Manne, Mergers, and the Market for Corporate Control”. Case Western Reserve Law Review 50, n° 2, 1999 p. 245.
MORCK, Randall et al., “Management Ownership and Market Valuation: An Empirical Analysis”. Journal Of Financial Economics, n. 20, 1988, pp. 293 -315.
PAPADOPOULOS, Thomas, “Legal Aspects of the Breakthrough Rule of the European Takeover Bid Directive”, Takeover Regulation: A Legal Approach, ICFAI University Press, 2008.
REYES, Francisco, “Corporate Governance in Latin America: A Functional Analysis”. University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 39, n°2, August 1, 2007.
ROLL, Richard, “The Hubris Hypothesis of Corporate Takeovers”, The Journal of Business 59, n° 2, Part 1, April 1986, pp. 197-216.
SANIN, Juan E., “Taxation of Wealth under the Pacific Alliance; ¿a threat to global and regional economic growth or a chance to implement Piketty’s ‘global tax on capital’?”, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México´s Law Journal, n. 272, 2018, pp. 987-1001.
SCOTT, James, “Cross-border Governance in the Baltic Sea Region”, Regional & Federal Studies 12, n° 4, (2002): 135-153.
TRICKER, Bob, et. al. Corporate Governance: Principles, Policies and Practice, 3th ed., Oxford University Press, 2012.
VENTORUZZO, Marco, “Europe´s Thirteenth Directive and U.S. Takeover Regulation: Regulatory Means and Political Economic Ends”. TX. INT´L L.J 41, 2006, pp. 171-220.
VIVES, Xavier, Corporate Governance: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
YEPES-RIOS, Beatriz, et al., “The integration of stock exchanges: The case of the Latin American Integrated Market (MILA) and its impact on ownership and internationalization status in Colombian brokerage firms”. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, n. 20, 2015, pp. 84-93.
Websites in order of appearance
“Economic and Other Impacts of Foreign Corporate Takeovers in OECD Countries”. International Investment Perspectives: Freedom Of Investment In A Changing World, OECD, Part I, Chapter 4, 2007, <https://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/40476100.pdf>.
VÁSQUEZ, Ricardo Guerra, “Alianza del Pacífico se ubica como la octava economía más grande del mundo”. El Comercio Perú, September 18 of 2018, <https://elcomercio.pe/economia/mundo/alianza-pacifico-ubica-octava-economia-grande-mundo-noticia-559166>.
“Monthly Statistic Tables”, Federación Iberoamericana de Bolsas (FIAB). January, 2018, <http://www.fiabnet.org/inf_mensuales/IM-Ene2018.pdf>.
GANTIVA, Camilo, et. al. “Capítulo 11. El Mercado de Control Societario en Iberoamérica”. Estudio sobre Gobierno Corporativo en Iberoamérica, <http://www.iimv.org/estudios/estudio-sobre-gobierno-corporativo-en-iberoamerica/>.
FAMULARI, Derek J., “The Revlon Doctrine – The Fiduciary Duties of Directors when Targets of Corporate Takeovers and Mergers”, The American Bar Association (n.d), <https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/young_lawyers/publications/101/fiduciary_duties_of_directors_coporate_takeover.authcheckdam.pdf>.
LIU, Han-Wei, “The Non-Frustration Rule of the UK City Code on Takeover and Mergers and Related Agency Problems: What are the implications for the EC Takeover Directive?”, The Columbia Journal of European Law Online (n.d.), <http://www.academia.edu/20924104/The_Non-Frustration_Rule_of_the_UK_City_Code_on_Takeover_and_Mergers_and_Related_Agency_Problems_What_are_the_Implications_for_the_EC_Takeover_Directive>.
LIU, Han-Wei,“Integración financiera”. Alianza del Pacífico, June 6 of 2017, <https://alianzapacifico.net/integracion-financiera/>.
KERSHAW, David, “Corporate Law and Self-Regulation”. LSE Law, Society And Economy Working Papers, 2015, <http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/61587/1/Corporate%20law%20and%20self-regulation.pdf>.
“About us”. Mercado MILA (n.d.), <http://mercadomila.com/en/who-we-are/our-history/>.
“Investors”. Mercado MILA (n.d.)<http://mercadomila.com/en/investors/>.
“Market Cap”. Mercado MILA (n.d.), <http://mercadomila.com/en/market-data/capitalization/>.
RINDEBRO, Ulric, “Three Latin American exchanges seen interested in joining MILA”. BN Americas, November 11 of 2013, <http://web6.bnamericas.com/en/news/insurance/three-latin-american-exchanges-seen-interested-in-joining-mila1?position=1&aut=true&idioma=en>.
“Colombian Takeover Guide”. International Bar Association, 2008, <https://www.ibanet.org/LPD/Financial_Services_Section/Securities_Law_Committee/TakeoverGuides.aspx>
CLARKE DE LA CERDA, Álvaro, et al. “Reforming Corporate Governance: Experiences with Public Takeover Bids in Chile and Panama”. International Finance Corporation, 2009, <https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/f433f50048a7e6b4a80fef6060ad5911/Focus6_Eng_B.pdf?MOD=AJPERES>.
CAREY, Jaime and UGARTE, Jorge, “Mergers and Acquisitions in Chile: Approaching the Controlling Shareholder”. Whos Who Legal, February, 2014, <https://www.carey.cl/download/getting_the_deal_through/whoswholegal-mergers-and-acquisitions-in-chile_jaime-carey_jorge-ugarte_2.pdf>.
“Mexico: Mergers & Acquisitions 2018”. International Comparative Legal Guides, December 03 of 2018, <https://iclg.com/practice-areas/mergers-and-acquisitions-laws-and-regulations/mexico>.
“Winner's Curse”. Investopedia, (n.d.), <https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/winnerscurse.asp>
“Family business in Latin America: facts and figures”. EY Family Business, 2017, <https://familybusiness.ey-vx.com/pdfs/screen-ey-17-002-fby-2017-bkl1705-002-v27-24-facts-and-figures-latin-america.pdf>.
HOPT, Klaus J., “Conflict of Interest, Secrecy and Insider Information of Directors - A Comparative Analysis”, European Company and Financial Law Review-Law Working Paper 208, (Nov, 19 2012 - Last revised: Dec. 17, 2013): 167-193, <https://ssrn.com/abstract=2178152 or <http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2178152>.
“Staggered board of directors”. Corporate Finance Institute, (n.d.), <https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/strategy/staggered-board-of-drectors/>.
AGA, Saira, “A Review and Comparison of Takeover Defenses in the U.S. and U.K.”. SSRN, June 27 of 2010, <https://ssrn.com/abstract=1631432> or <http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1631432>.
“A mutually beneficial relationship”. OECD, May 28 of 2018, <http://www.oecd.org/latin-america/countries/peru/>.
“G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance”. OECD Publishing, 2015, <https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264236882-en.pdf?expires=1540383152&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=7B019A7EAD1B4F02999490C71B5E764F>.
“Hobson choice”. Merriam-Webster dictionary, (n.d.), <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hobson's%20choice>.
PERLMUTTER, Julian T., “The New Rules on Cross-Border Tender and Exchange Offers, Business Combinations and Rights Offerings; Competition or Harmonization?”. Mich. J. Int´l L. 22 (2000): 169- 202, <http://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol22/iss1/3>.
“U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Revisions to the Cross-Border Tender Offer, Exchange Offer, Rights Offerings, and Business Combinations Rules and Beneficial Ownership Reporting Rules for Certain Foreign Institutions”. SEC (n.d.), <https://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/secg/cross-border-secg.htm>.
CASCANTE, Christian, “European Directive Takeover Guide”. International Bar Association, September 29 of 2008, <https://www.ibanet.org/Search/Search.aspx?query=European%20Directive%20Takeover%20Guide>.
The Financial Times, <https://www.ft.com/content/c0adf690-d439-11e6-9341-7393bb2e1b51>.
ADEBIYI, John and HOPKINS, Scott C., “The Future of Takeover Regulation and Corporate Governance in the UK”, SKADDEN, May 30 of 2018, <https://www.skadden.com/insights/publications/2017/05/the-future-of-takeover-reg-and-corp-governance>.
NACHEMSON-EKWALL, Sophie, “An Institutional Analysis on Cross-border Hostile Takeovers: Shareholder value, short-terminism and regulatory arbitrage on the Swedish stock market during the sixth takeover wave”. Stockholm School Of Economics, 2012, p. 63, <https://ex.hhs.se/dissertations/566226-FULLTEXT02.pdf>.
BURTON, Lucy, “European champions to form in next deal boom, City predicts”. The Telegraph, January 6 of 2018, <https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2018/01/06/european-champions-form-next-deal-boom-city-predicts-boom/>.
NENOVA, Tatiana, “Takeover Laws and Financial Development”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4029, October 2006, <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/538361468323369802/pdf/wps4029.pdf>.
VAROTTIL, Umakanth, “Comparative Takeover Regulation and the Concept of “Control”. Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 2015, pp. 208-231, <https://law.nus.edu.sg/sjls/articles/SJLS-Jul-15-208.pdf>.
OKANIGBUAN, Francis, “Corporate Takeovers And Shareholder Protection: UK Takeover Regulation in Perspective”. Manchester Student Law Review 2, n° 267, University of Manchester, 2013, <https://www.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/law/main_site/Research/Student_Law_Review2/MSLR_Vol2_11(Okanigbuan).pd>.
“Government Response to the Business, Innovation and Skills Committee’s Report on “Mergers, Acquisitions and Takeovers: The Takeover of Cadbury by Kraft”, Secretary for Business, Innovation and Skills, July of 2010, <https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228969/7915.pdf>.
Revista de la Facultad de Derecho de México por Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.
Basada en una obra en http://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/rfdm.