Entre el pueblo bueno y la élite corrupta. Narrativa populista y polarización afectiva en las redes sociales en México
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Según la definición ideacional del populismo, una narrativa es populista si se caracteriza por una cosmología maniquea que divide a la comunidad política entre un pueblo, concebido como una entidad homogéneamente virtuosa, y una élite, pensada como una entidad homogéneamente corrupta (Hawkins y Rovira Kaltwasser, 2019; Mudde, 2004). A partir de esta definición, el presidente de México, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) parece haber exhibido una narrativa populista. Partiendo de aquella conceptualización y centrándose en un estudio de caso, este trabajo indaga sobre si tal narrativa produce polarización y, especialmente, cuál de aquellos dos atributos ejerce un mayor efecto causal sobre las actitudes polarizadas entre los ciudadanos, proponiendo la hipótesis de que los mensajes invocando a una élite corrupta son más propensos a generar polarización afectiva que los mensajes aludiendo a un pueblo bueno. Para poner a prueba esta hipótesis, este artículo realiza análisis textual tanto de los posteos de AMLO en Facebook como de los comentarios de los seguidores a tales publicaciones. Los resultados muestran que los comentarios a los posteos de López Obrador son significativamente más polarizados cuando sus publicaciones exhiben un mensaje negativo sobre la “élite” que cuando muestran un mensaje con una mención positiva al “pueblo”. Las alusiones a una “élite corrupta” parecen desencadenar una gran polarización afectiva en las redes sociales.
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