Bancos Públicos + Agua Pública = ODS 6?
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El Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 6 pretende lograr el acceso universal a los servicios de agua y saneamiento para 2030; se espera que esto cueste un estimado de US$150 mil millones por año. ¿De dónde saldrán estos fondos? Una posibilidad es la financiación privada en forma de inversión directa de capital de empresas privadas de agua y préstamos de bancos comerciales. Sin embargo, la evidencia sugiere que las inversiones privadas en agua y saneamiento no se han materializado según lo planeado debido al perfil de riesgo-rendimiento del sector. El agua y el saneamiento son considerados "demasiado arriesgados" por los inversionistas privados y los rendimientos no son lo suficientemente gratificantes. Una alternativa que puede ayudar a cubrir el déficit de financiación del abastecimiento de agua y el saneamiento (WSS, por sus siglas en inglés) es una fuente de financiamiento pública aún sin explotar: los bancos públicos. Hay más de 900 bancos públicos en el mundo, con 49 billones de dólares estadounidenses en activos; sin embargo, han sido subestimados en gran medida como una fuente importante de financiamiento para el agua y el saneamiento y también han sido descuidados por la investigación académica y por las principales organizaciones políticas, como el Banco Mundial. Es necesario comprender mejor cómo se puede movilizar a los bancos públicos como financiadores eficaces del agua pública. En este artículo ofrecemos una breve historia de las prácticas de la banca pública en el sector del agua, revisamos sus pros y sus contras, y discutimos la importancia de la aparición de un nuevo tipo de operador público de agua y el potencial que estas entidades ofrecen para financiar en este sector.
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