Enlazando escalas en un reactor químico: de la microescala a la simulación global
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Este artículo discute los elementos, la descripción matemática y las herramientas de cómputo empleadas para el estudio y diseño de reactores químicos, haciendo énfasis en reactores agitados continuos. Se describen cinco escalas jerárquicas: microescala, mesoescala, macroescala, escalas simplificadas y planta de proceso. En las tres primeras escalas (nivel de fluidos), el análisis suele realizarse con dinámica de fluidos computacional, lo que permite obtener información sobre la influencia de la geometría del equipo, la distribución del mezclado, el intercambio de calor y las pérdidas de energía mecánica en superficies fijas o móviles. En cambio, para las escalas simplificadas y la planta de proceso se emplean simuladores de procesos químicos (nivel de unidad o módulo), útiles para el dimensionamiento general desde la ingeniería de procesos. El tránsito entre ambos enfoques puede implicar la pérdida de información relevante; por ello, se discuten alternativas para su integración. Este panorama integral, concebido como un “zoom inverso”, ofrece una visión completa de los fenómenos de transporte, la simulación computacional y la ingeniería de procesos en el análisis de reactores químicos.
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